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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Waringsches Problem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Waringsche Problem</b> ist ein Problem der <a href="Zahlentheorie" title="Zahlentheorie">Zahlentheorie</a>. Es verallgemeinert den <a href="Vier-Quadrate-Satz" title="Vier-Quadrate-Satz">Vier-Quadrate-Satz</a>, der besagt, dass jede natürliche Zahl als Summe von vier Quadratzahlen dargestellt werden kann.
In seinem Werk <i>Meditationes algebraicae</i> (<a href="1770" title="1770">1770</a>) stellte <a href="Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> die Vermutung auf, dass es für jeden Exponenten eine solche gemeinsame Summandenanzahl geben müsse. Das Waringsche Problem gilt heute als gelöst.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_Waringsche_Problem">Das Waringsche Problem</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulierung">Formulierung</h3></div>
<p>Zu jedem <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürlichen</a> <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Exponenten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a5bc4b7383031ba693b7433198ead7170954c1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.73ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> existiert eine natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40c324a85129d11bcfa0ad860a8589415b85202e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.655ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> derart, dass jede Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> als Summe von <b>höchstens</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b991fb29325fbaa24480e075e54871f5128a62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)#Natürliche_Exponenten" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Potenzen</a> dargestellt werden kann, also eine Darstellung der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={a_{1}}^{k}+{a_{2}}^{k}\cdots +{a_{g}}^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={a_{1}}^{k}+{a_{2}}^{k}\cdots +{a_{g}}^{k}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1f673093e23d92ff3b3455ada09d6a279173ff7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.37ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={a_{1}}^{k}+{a_{2}}^{k}\cdots +{a_{g}}^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit natürlichen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g,\ a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{g}\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g,\ a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{g}\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51cf17552ccf9f1d52217b8e634ed7530a8d49c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.281ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g,\ a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{g}\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> besitzt, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\leq g(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\leq g(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a9564a341628f62b6819f3d0996ce7ba18ed17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.351ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\leq g(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erläuterungen"><span id="Erl.C3.A4uterungen"></span>Erläuterungen</h3></div>
<p>Darüber hinaus wird dann üblicherweise nach der kleinsten derartigen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b991fb29325fbaa24480e075e54871f5128a62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> gefragt. Beispielsweise besagt der Vier-Quadrate-Satz, dass jede natürliche Zahl durch eine Summe von vier Quadratzahlen darstellbar ist, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(2)\leq 4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(2)\leq 4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b2e8f652f7cd28acc1b4935d95fd85dcf64c303.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(2)\leq 4}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da, wie die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 7=2^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 7=2^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2875346d182e62649b96196a5e38fe16ab29093e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:21.649ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 7=2^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}+1^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> zeigt, drei Quadrate nicht immer genügen, muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(2)\geq 4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(2)\geq 4}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4e4243ba8cf3f6dbead19f7abda984bbe8456ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(2)\geq 4}" loading="lazy"></span> sein, insgesamt also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(2)=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(2)=4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f6498d810dd4fd5a8d3da7c858811dda4653eb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(2)=4}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Während man also 4 Quadrate für die Zahl 7 benötigt, sind 9 Kubikzahlen für die Zahl 23 erforderlich und 19 vierte Potenzen für die Zahl 79. Waring vermutete, dass diese Werte die höchstmöglichen sind, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(2)=4,g(3)=9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(2)=4,g(3)=9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9beb857bc2ae72f2cbb7132282db4275e7790b09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.731ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(2)=4,g(3)=9}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(4)=19}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(4)=19}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dc7ec1fe85e9ddcadbb1aedaf5745e1482b2d7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.511ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(4)=19}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lösungen_für_kleine_Exponenten"><span id="L.C3.B6sungen_f.C3.BCr_kleine_Exponenten"></span>Lösungen für kleine Exponenten</h2></div>
<p>Warings Vermutung wurde 1909 von <a href="David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> bewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Aussage wird deshalb manchmal auch als <i>Satz von Waring-Hilbert</i> bezeichnet. Der Hilbertsche Beweis wurde 1912 durch <a href="Robert_Remak_(Mathematiker)" title="Robert Remak (Mathematiker)">Robert Remak</a> und Erik Stridsberg vereinfacht.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Einen elementaren Beweis für das Waringsche Problem, der andere Ideen als Hilbert nutzte, lieferte 1942 <a href="Juri_Wladimirowitsch_Linnik" title="Juri Wladimirowitsch Linnik">Juri Wladimirowitsch Linnik</a> mithilfe von Ergebnissen von <a href="Lew_Genrichowitsch_Schnirelman" title="Lew Genrichowitsch Schnirelman">Lew Schnirelman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dt><i>k</i> = 2</dt>
<dd>Durch den Vier-Quadrate-Satz ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(2)=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(2)=4}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f6498d810dd4fd5a8d3da7c858811dda4653eb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(2)=4}" loading="lazy"></span> bewiesen.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt><i>k</i> = 3</dt>
<dd>Dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(3)=9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(3)=9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1402ed05f22a81e3909e27d2cedc46502d0609d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(3)=9}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, wurde in den Jahren 1909 bis 1912 von <a href="Arthur_Wieferich" title="Arthur Wieferich">Arthur Wieferich</a> und <a href="Aubrey_J._Kempner" title="Aubrey J. Kempner">Aubrey J. Kempner</a> (1880–1973) bewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a> konnte ebenfalls bereits im Jahr 1909 zeigen, dass nur endlich viele natürliche Zahlen neun Kuben benötigen,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jede hinreichend große Zahl also als Summe von acht Kuben darstellbar ist, und <a href="Leonard_E._Dickson" title="Leonard E. Dickson">Leonard E. Dickson</a> fand 1939, dass 23 und 239 die beiden einzigen Zahlen sind, die tatsächlich neun Kuben benötigen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schon Arthur Wieferich vermutete, dass tatsächlich nur 15 Zahlen acht und nur 121 Zahlen sieben Kuben benötigen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heute wird allgemein angenommen, dass man nur für Zahlen ≤ 454 acht Kuben (oder neun für 23 und 239), für Zahlen ≤ 8.042 sieben Kuben und für Zahlen ≤ 1.290.740 sechs Kuben benötigt, alle hinreichend großen Zahlen also als Summe von fünf Kuben darstellbar sind.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>Den Beweis des <i>Sieben-Kuben-Satzes</i> konnte als erster 1941 Juri Linnik führen,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von <a href="George_Leo_Watson" title="George Leo Watson">George Leo Watson</a> wurde er 1951 deutlich vereinfacht.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><i>k</i> = 4</dt>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(4)=19}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(4)=19}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dc7ec1fe85e9ddcadbb1aedaf5745e1482b2d7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.511ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(4)=19}" loading="lazy"></span> wurde 1986 von <a href="Ramachandran_Balasubramanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandran Balasubramanian">Ramachandran Balasubramanian</a>, François Dress und <a href="Jean-Marc_Deshouillers" title="Jean-Marc Deshouillers">Jean-Marc Deshouillers</a> gezeigt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bereits seit 1939 weiß man außerdem, dass jede hinreichend große Zahl als Summe von 16 <a href="Biquadrat" title="Biquadrat">Biquadraten</a> darstellbar ist, die Menge der Zahlen, die tatsächlich 17, 18 oder 19 vierte Potenzen benötigen, also endlich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieser Wert kann nicht verbessert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><i>k</i> = 5 ... 7</dt>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(5)=37}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(5)=37}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85a5a22cf0f428bbd63cf9739fe13f10992a5cf3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.511ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(5)=37}" loading="lazy"></span> wurde im Jahr 1964 von <a href="Chen_Jingrun" title="Chen Jingrun">Chen Jingrun</a> nachgewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(6)=73}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(6)=73}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be388d57ec8520b5643b88c54f75b8b362b67224.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.511ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(6)=73}" loading="lazy"></span> wurde im Jahr 1940 von <a href="S._Sivasankaranarayana_Pillai" title="S. Sivasankaranarayana Pillai">S. Sivasankaranarayana Pillai</a> gezeigt<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sowie</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(7)=143}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>143</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(7)=143}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aff19ea1598b175954267a3cd9c880ff38d96490.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.674ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(7)=143}" loading="lazy"></span> wurde im Jahr 1937 von Leonard E. Dickson gezeigt.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeine_Lösung"><span id="Allgemeine_L.C3.B6sung"></span>Allgemeine Lösung</h2></div>
<p>Durch die Arbeiten von Leonard Dickson, <a href="S._Sivasankaranarayana_Pillai" title="S. Sivasankaranarayana Pillai">Pillai</a>, <a href="R._K._Rubugunday" title="R. K. Rubugunday">R. K. Rubugunday</a> und <a href="Ivan_M._Niven" title="Ivan M. Niven">Ivan M. Niven</a> sind nun alle anderen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b991fb29325fbaa24480e075e54871f5128a62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> ebenfalls bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)={\begin{cases}\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2&{\text{ für }}k\leq 6{\text{ oder }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2<(2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \\\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-c_{k}&{\text{ für }}k>6{\text{ und }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2\geq (2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)={\begin{cases}\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2&{\text{ für }}k\leq 6{\text{ oder }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2<(2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \\\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-c_{k}&{\text{ für }}k>6{\text{ und }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2\geq (2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \end{cases}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca805eb0ec0fba34c75c45a7aaae865ad173e9e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.505ex; width:88.07ex; height:12.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)={\begin{cases}\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2&{\text{ für }}k\leq 6{\text{ oder }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2<(2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \\\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-c_{k}&{\text{ für }}k>6{\text{ und }}3^{k}-2^{k}+2\geq (2^{k}-1)\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}\in \{2,3\}}">
<semantics>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}\in \{2,3\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cabc95f2662ae77a8fd50507cfb008bdf1be4213.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.62ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}\in \{2,3\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}=2\Leftrightarrow \left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \cdot \left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor =2^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⌊</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⌋</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⌊</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⌋</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⌊</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⌋</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⌊</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⌋</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}=2\Leftrightarrow \left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \cdot \left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor =2^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce4a6ce5b61213eab4f77c0eafdccdcdf91fe452.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.611ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}=2\Leftrightarrow \left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor \cdot \left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +\left\lfloor \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor =2^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es wird vermutet, dass der zweite Fall für kein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> auftritt. Die Bedingung für den ersten Fall ist für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6\leq k\leq 200.000}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>200.000</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6\leq k\leq 200.000}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c860a6addb39d4dfdafce130d0f614d40870ce13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.192ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6\leq k\leq 200.000}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und es ist bekannt, dass es höchstens endlich viele <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> geben kann, für die der zweite Fall überhaupt in Frage käme.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sollte sich diese Vermutung bestätigen, so könnte man obige Formel zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)=\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⌊</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⌋</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)=\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/727303603f19b796f41951abb662693762375341.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:25.809ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)=\left\lfloor \left({\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{k}\right\rfloor +2^{k}-2}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>vereinfachen.
</p>
<pre>k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …
g(k) 1 4 9 19 37 73 143 279 548 1079 …
</pre>
<p>(Folge <a href="https://oeis.org/A002804" class="extiw external" title="oeis:A002804">A002804</a> in <a href="On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences" title="On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences">OEIS</a>)
</p><p>Für größere <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> kann die Anzahl auch mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)\approx 2^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)\approx 2^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45c582b846594059f80672fa15e25e579cfb61a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.486ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)\approx 2^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> abgeschätzt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kleinste_Zahl_a(k)"><span id="Kleinste_Zahl_a.28k.29"></span>Kleinste Zahl a(k)</h2></div>
<p>Die jeweils kleinste Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(k),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(k),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bffafe386df11a0e334d4d684daa8d2e986a624.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(k),}" loading="lazy"></span> die im Waringschen Problem die maximale Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b991fb29325fbaa24480e075e54871f5128a62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> an Summanden benötigt, ist für kleine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<pre>k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …
g(k) 1 4 9 19 37 73 143 279 548 1079 …
a(k) 1 7 23 79 223 703 2175 6399 19455 58367 …
</pre>
<p>(Folge <a href="https://oeis.org/A018886" class="extiw external" title="oeis:A018886">A018886</a> in <a href="On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences" title="On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences">OEIS</a>)
</p><p>Beispiel für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/662e06a2436f8a44fec791f5c794621f10dc8f30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=3}" loading="lazy"></span>: Demnach ist jede Zahl als Summe von 9 Dreierpotenzen (Kuben) darstellbar. 23 ist die kleinste Zahl, die nicht als Summe von weniger als 9 Kuben dargestellt werden kann, es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 23=2^{3}+2^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>23</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 23=2^{3}+2^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fa5bb30126faf679a8461dd6d65fe72a2098712.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:48.097ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 23=2^{3}+2^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}+1^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Satz_von_Erd%C3%B6s-Suranyi" title="Satz von Erdös-Suranyi">Satz von Erdös-Suranyi</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen_und_Literatur">Quellen und Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Helmut_Koch_(Mathematiker)" title="Helmut Koch (Mathematiker)">Helmut Koch</a>, Herbert Pieper: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zahlentheorie</cite>. Ausgewählte Methoden und Ergebnisse (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Studienbücherei</cite>). VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1976.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Waringsches+Problem&rft.au=Helmut+Koch%2C+Herbert+Pieper&rft.btitle=Zahlentheorie&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=VEB+Deutscher+Verlag+der+Wissenschaften&rft.series=Studienb%C3%BCcherei" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Melvyn_B._Nathanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Melvyn B. Nathanson">Melvyn B. Nathanson</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Additive Number Theory</cite>. The Classical Bases (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Graduate Texts in Mathematics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>164</span>). Springer-Verlag, New York 1996, ISBN 0-387-94656-X.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Waringsches+Problem&rft.au=Melvyn+B.+Nathanson&rft.btitle=Additive+Number+Theory&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=038794656X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.series=Graduate+Texts+in+Mathematics" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Edward Waring: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=1MNbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Meditationes algebraicae.</i></a> Cambridge <sup>3</sup>1782.</li>
<li>Dennis Weeks (Hrsg.): <i>Meditationes algebraicae. An English translation of the work of Edward Waring.</i> Providence: American Mathematical Society, 1991. ISBN 0821801694.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikisource"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/David_Hilbert_Gesammelte_Abhandlungen_Erster_Band_%E2%80%93_Zahlentheorie/Kapitel_11" class="extiw external" title="s:David Hilbert Gesammelte Abhandlungen Erster Band – Zahlentheorie/Kapitel 11">Wikisource: David Hilbert: Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Erster Band, 11. Beweis für die Darstellbarkeit der ganzen Zahlen durch eine feste Anzahl n-ter Potenzen (Waringsches Problem).</a></b> – Quellen und Volltexte</div>
<ul><li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WaringsProblem.html"><i>Waring’s Problem</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li>Christoph Pöppe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/fast-jede-natuerliche-zahl-ist-summe-von-vier-kuben/821159">Fast jede natürliche Zahl ist Summe von vier Kuben</a> in <i>Spektrum.de</i> vom 1. Oktober 1993</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hilbert: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002262746"><i>Beweis für die Darstellbarkeit der ganzen Zahlen durch eine feste Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Potenzen (Waringsches Problem).</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 67 (1909), S. 281–300. Vgl. Erhard Schmidt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002265311"><i>Zum Hilbertschen Beweise des Waringschen Theorems.</i> (Aus einem an Herrn Hilbert gerichteten Briefe.)</a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 74 (1913), Nr. 2, S. 271–274.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Stridsberg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002264501"><i>Sur la démonstration de M.(onsieur) Hilbert du théorème de Waring.</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 72 (1912), S. 145–152; Robert Remak: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN00226451X"><i>Bemerkung zu Herrn Stridsbergs Beweis des Waringschen Theorems.</i></a> In: Mathematische Annalen 72 (1912), S. 153–156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juri Wladimirowitsch Linnik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=sm&paperid=6157&volume=54&year=1943&issue=2&fpage=225&what=fullt&option_lang=eng"><i>Элементарное решение проблемы Waring’a по методу Шнирельмана</i></a> [= <i>Elementarnoe rešenie problemy Waring’a po metodu Šnirel’mana. (Elementare Lösung des Waringschen Problems mit Schnirelmans Methode.)</i>] (PDF; 614 kB) In: <i>Recueil Mathématique.</i> Математический Сборник [= Matematičeskij Sbornik (Mathematische Sammlung)] N. F. 12/54 (1943), Nr. 2, S. 225–230.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Wieferich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002262274"><i>Beweis des Satzes, daß sich eine jede ganze Zahl als Summe von höchstens neun positiven Kuben darstellen läßt.</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 66 (1909), S. 95–101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aubrey John Kempner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN00226465X"><i>Bemerkungen zum Waringschen Problem.</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 72 (1912), S. 387–399.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Landau: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002262282"><i>Über eine Anwendung der Primzahltheorie auf das Waringsche Problem in der elementaren Zahlentheorie.</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 66 (1909), S. 102–105.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Eugene Dickson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1939-45-08/S0002-9904-1939-07041-9/S0002-9904-1939-07041-9.pdf"><i>All integers except 23 and 239 are sums of eight cubes.</i></a> (PDF; 376 kB) In: <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.</i> 45 (1939), S. 588–591.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Wieferich: <i>Beweis des Satzes, daß sich eine jede ganze Zahl als Summe von höchstens neun positiven Kuben darstellen läßt.</i> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 66 (1909), hier S. 95: „Tabellen der kleinsten Anzahlen von positiven Kuben, in die sich die ganzen Zahlen zerlegen lassen, sind […] für die Zahlen bis 40.000 aufgestellt worden. Aus ihnen ergab sich, daß bis zur Grenze 40.000 hin alle Zahlen größer als 239 sich durch höchstens 8, oberhalb 454 durch höchstens 7 und oberhalb 8.042 durch höchstens 6 Kuben darstellen lassen, so daß vermutlich über eine gewisse Grenze (8.042) hinaus eine jede ganze Zahl als Summe von höchstens 6 Kuben darstellbar ist.“</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. W. S. Baer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002265508"><i>Über die Zerlegung der ganzen Zahlen in sieben Kuben.</i></a> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 74 (1913), Nr. 4, S. 511–514. – François Bertault; Olivier Ramaré; Paul Zimmermann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1999-68-227/S0025-5718-99-01071-6/S0025-5718-99-01071-6.pdf"><i>On sums of seven cubes.</i></a> (PDF; 243 kB) In: <i>Mathematics of Computation.</i> 68 (1999), Nr. 227, S. 1303–1310.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juri Wladimirowitsch Linnik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=sm&paperid=6156&what=fullt&option_lang=rus"><i>On the representation of large numbers as sums of seven cubes.</i></a> (<i>О разложении больших чисел на семь кубов</i> [= <i>O razloženii bol’šich čsel na sem’ kubov. (Über die Darstellung großer Zahlen als Summe von sieben Kuben.)</i>]) (PDF; 600 kB) In: <i>Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS.</i> N. F. 35 (1942), Nr. 6, S. 162 ff. Auch in: <i>Recueil Mathématique</i> Математический Сборник [= Matematičeskij Sbornik (Mathematische Sammlung)] N. F. 12/54 (1943), Nr. 2, S. 218–224.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Leo Watson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jlms.oxfordjournals.org/content/s1-26/2/153.full.pdf+html"><i>A proof of the seven cubes theorem.</i></a> In: <i>Journal of the London Mathematical Society.</i> 26 (1951), S. 153–156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramachandran Balasubramanian; Jean-Marc Deshouillers; François Dress: <i>Problème de Waring pour les bicarrés.</i> In: <i>Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences.</i> Série I: Mathematique 303 (1986), Nr. 4, S. 85–88, Nr. 5, S. 161–163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Davenport: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1968889"><i>On Waring’s Problem for Fourth Powers.</i></a> In: <i>Annals of Mathematics.</i> 40 (1939), Nr. 4, S. 731–747.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aubrey John Kempner: <i>Bemerkungen zum Waringschen Problem.</i> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 72 (1912), hier S. 395–396 (§ 4. Es kommen in der natürlichen Zahlreihe immer wieder Zahlen vor, die mindestens 16 positive Biquadrate erfordern).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Jingrun: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218175036/http://math.scichina.com:8081/sciAe/fileup/PDF/64ya0335.pdf"><i>Waring’s Problem for g(5) = 37</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 18. Dezember 2015 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) (PDF; 501 kB) In: <i>Scientia Sinica.</i> 13 (1964), S. 1547–1568. Auch in: <i>Chinese Mathematics. Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum.</i> 6 (1965), S. 105–127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai: <i>On Waring’s problem g(6) = 73.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences A 12 (1940).</i> S. 30–40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Eugene Dickson: <i>The Waring Problem and its generalizations.</i> In: <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.</i> 42 (1936), S. 833–842.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai: <i>On Waring’s Problem.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.</i> 2 (1936), Nr. 2, S. 16–44; vgl. Sarvadaman Chowla: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/seca/004/03/0261-0261"><i>Pillai’s Exact Formulae for the Number g(n) in Waring’s Problem.</i></a> (PDF; 41 kB) In: <i>Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences.</i> A 4 (1936), S. 261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shri Raghunath Krishna Rubugunday: <i>On g(k) in Waring’s problem.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.</i> 6 (1942), Nr. 2, S. 192–198.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Morton Niven: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2371901"><i>An unsolved case of the Waring Problem.</i></a> In: <i>American Journal of Mathematics.</i> 66 (1944), S. 137–143.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Ellison: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/warings-problem"><i>Waring’s problem.</i></a> In: <i>American Mathematical Monthly.</i> 1971, Band 78, Seiten 10–36, Theorem 4.1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Stemmler: <i>The ideal Waring theorem for exponents 401–200,000.</i> In: <i>Math. Comp.</i> 1964, Band 18, Seiten 144–146.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Mahler: <i>On the fractional parts of powers of real numbers.</i> In: <i>Mathematika.</i> 1957, Band 4, Seiten 122–124.</span>
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